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Calcium
All species

Improves strength and development of bones and teeth

Assists in muscle contraction, cardiac regulation and nerve function

Maintains the normal clotting process of blood

Prevents osteomalacia and rickets

Increased requirement during lactation


Chromium
All species

Maintains regulation of glucose metabolism

Helps retard lactic acid accumulation during exercise, and improve ratio of lean muscle to fat deposition

Cobalt
All species

Assists formation of B12, and subsequent formation of red blood cells and haemoglobin


Copper
All species

Facilitates absorption and mobilisation of iron

Assists formation of haemoglobin in red blood cells

Maintains general metabolism, bone, cartilage and connective tissue development, skin condition and coat colour 

Promotes fertility

Horses Prevents skeletal growth disorders

Iodine
All species

Component of thyroid hormones, which regulates metabolic processes including hair and wool growth

Prevents goitre associated with iodine deficiency

Iron
All species

Assists general metabolism, and prevention of iron-deficient anaemia

Essential component of haemoglobin in red blood cells

Improves pregnancy period, recovery from parasite infestation, and animal performance

Aids in detoxification of gossypol from cottonseed meal

Magnesium
All species

Assists general metabolism and the formation of bones and teeth

Maintains nervous function

Horses

Reduces nervous behaviour in some horses

Relaxes nerve impulses

Manganese
All species

Maintains general metabolism, development of bone, cartilage and connective tissue

Assists normal clotting process of blood

Improves growth rate, reproduction and lactation

Horses

Prevents limb abnormalities and congenital contractures in newborn foals 


Molydenum
All species

Assists general metabolism


Potassium
All species

Assists the digestion and utilisation of dietary nutrients

Aids in maintaining of tissue fluid balance, and energy metabolism

Aids in muscular contraction, nerve function, and heart muscle relaxation

Horses  Dogs

Phosphorus
All species

Assists general metabolism and nerve function

Assists in formation of bones, muscles and teeth

Improves buffering systems in blood and other body fluids

Selenium
All species

As an antioxidant - supports the cell-protecting action of vitamin E by detoxifying peroxides

Improves growth and fertility in animals, and aids in the prevention of white muscle disease

Improves immunity and milk production

Reduces the incidence of retained placentas

Horses

Aids in prevention and treatment of "tying up"

Sodium & Chloride
All species

Improves maintaining of correct electrolyte balance in body tissues and prevents dehydration

Maintains muscle contraction, nerve activity and digestion of nutrients

Improves the palatability of feedstuffs

Horses

Replaces salt (NaCl) lost in sweat. 


Sulphur
All species

Assists general metabolism and protein synthesis

Important component of connective tissues, hair, skin and hooves

Zinc
All species

Improves growth rate, and metabolism, and prevents loss of appetite associated with deficiency

Assists in bone, cartilage development, and wound healing

Maintains the integrity of skin and mucous membranes, hair, and hooves

Prevents parakeratosis

Horses

Minimises the incidence of metabolic bone disease.